The Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test for Diabetes

Importance of Hemoglobin A1c Test

       The hemoglobin A1c test, also called HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin test, or glycohemoglobin, is an important blood test that shows how well your diabetes is being controlled. Hemoglobin A1c provides an average of your blood sugar control over the past 2 to 3 months and is used along with home blood sugar monitoring to make adjustments in your diabetes medicines.

Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout your body. When your diabetes is not controlled (meaning that your blood sugar is too high), sugar builds up in your blood and combines with your hemoglobin, becoming "glycated." The average amount of sugar in your blood can be found by measuring your hemoglobin A1c level. If your glucose levels have been high over recent weeks, your hemoglobin A1c test will be higher. 

What's a Normal Hemoglobin A1c Test?

       For people without diabetes, the normal range for the hemoglobin A1c test is between 4% and 5.6%. Hemoglobin A1c levels between 5.7% and 6.4% indicate increased risk of diabetes, and levels of 6.5% or higher indicate diabetes. Because studies have repeatedly shown that out-of-control diabetes results in complications from the disease, the goal for people with diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c less than 7%. The higher the hemoglobin A1c, the higher the risks of developing complications related to diabetes.

       People with diabetes should have this test every 3 months to determine whether their blood sugars have reached the target level of control. Those who have their diabetes under good control may be able to wait longer between the blood tests, but experts recommend checking at least 2 times a year.

        People with diseases affecting hemoglobin, such as anemia, may get abnormal results with this test. Other abnormalities that can affect the results of the hemoglobin A1c include supplements such as vitamins C and E and high cholesterol levels. Kidney disease and liver disease may also affect the result of the hemoglobin A1c test.

Fundamentals of Chemistry

What is an Atom? 

 

      Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

     Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely lightweight and exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. The electron cloud has a radius 10,000 times greater than the nucleus.

      Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass. However, one proton weighs more than 1,800 electrons. Atoms always have an equal number of protons and electrons, and the number of protons and neutrons is usually the same as well. Adding a proton to an atom makes a new element, while adding a neutron makes an isotope, or heavier version, of that atom

Nucleus

      The nucleus was discovered in 1911, but its parts were not identified until 1932. Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The nucleus is held together by the "strong force," one of the four basic forces in nature. This force between the protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electrical force that would, according to the rules of electricity, push the protons apart otherwise.

Protons

        Protons are positively charged particles found within atomic nuclei. They were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in experiments conducted between 1911 and 1919.

        The number of protons in an atom defines what element it is. For example, carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one and oxygen atoms have eight. The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic number of that element. The number of protons in an atom also determines the chemical behavior of the element. The Periodic Table of the Elements arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number.

        Protons are made of other particles called quarks. There are three quarks in each proton — two "up" quarks and one "down" quark — and they are held together by other particles called gluons.

Electrons

        Electrons have a negative charge and are electrically attracted to the positively charged protons. Electrons surround the atomic nucleus in pathways called orbitals. The inner orbitals surrounding the atom are spherical but the outer orbitals are much more complicated.

        An atom's electron configuration is the orbital description of the locations of the electrons in an unexcited atom. Using the electron configuration and principles of physics, chemists can predict an atom's properties, such as stability, boiling point and conductivity.

        Typically, only the outermost electron shells matter in chemistry. The inner electron shell notation is often truncated by replacing the long-hand orbital description with the symbol for a noble gas in brackets. This method of notation vastly simplifies the description for large molecules.

For example, the electron configuration for beryllium (Be) is 1s²2s², but it's is written [He]2s². [He] is equivalent to all the electron orbitals in a helium atom. The Letters, s, p, d, and f designate the shape of the orbitals and the superscript gives the number of electrons in that orbital.

Neutrons

         Neutrons are uncharged particles found within atomic nuclei. A neutron's mass is slightly larger than that of a proton. Like protons, neutrons are also made of quarks — one "up" quark and two "down" quarks. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.

Isotopes

          The number of neutrons in a nucleus determines the isotope of that element. For example, hydrogen has three known isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium. Protium, symbolized as ¹H, is just ordinary hydrogen; it has one proton and one electron and no neutrons. Deuterium (D or ²H) has one proton, one electron and one neutron. Tritium (T or ³H) has one proton, one electron and two neutrons.

10 Amazing facts of India

1. Indian Railways

             Indian Railways has total 1.4 million employees which is equivalent to the entire population of many countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Estonia, Mauritius, Bahrain, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Vatican City and more. I have only mentioned a few countries names here not all.

2. Shani Shingnapur, Maharashtra

             Shani Shingnapur is one of the most amazing village of India. All houses in the village didn’t have doors including their shops and halls. They have never kept their valulable things in lock and key. No theft has been reported yet in the village, it is the most amazing fact about India. This village is situated in Nevasa taluka of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state in India.

3. A mob of 200 women killed man in courtroom, Nagpur

         Akku Yadav, the famous criminal in the city who has raped lots of women and kidnapped children. Local people has tried to file complaint in the local police station but every time he gets bail easily. Local Police was not co-operative and corrupted. Local people tired from him and they are not seeing any justice in the law system of India.

         A mob of approx. 200 women attacked Akku Yadav and killed him. The mob have stabbed over 70 times on him including throwing chili powder and stones on his face. It is the first incident in the Indian history where 200 women killed rapist and murderer in open courtroom. This incident created headlines across the country.

4. Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra

Mumbai is so much congested city. To overcome from this problem, Government has built new city which is near to original Mumbai and named as ‘Navi Mumbai’. It is the largest planned township on the planet which was developed in 1972.

5. Without ticket case on terrorist!

          Mumbai Police had filed case against Ajmal Kasab for entering CST Railway Station, Mumbai without ticket! Ajmal Kasab was terrorist who killed almost more than 50 persons in terrorist attack. This news has been confirmed by Sify News.

6. India’s first rocket was brought on cycle

          India is now considered as one of the most advanced country in the world. What happened when India’s first rocket was brought on a cycle? Yes, it happened. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has developed first rocket with other research organization. They have used cycle as their medium of transportation.

7. Science Day in Switzerland

         To honour Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, Switzerland has declared 26th May, 2005 as Science Day. On this day, Kalam was visiting Switzerland. It is known that Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam is widely popular as the people’s president in the country.

8. 31 Doctors in 1 family

          There are 31 doctors in one family of Jaipur in Rajasthan. Most of family members are doctors and you can say “This is doctor family”. In this family, there are 7 physicians, 5 gynecologists, 3 ophthalmologists, 3 ENT specialists, orthopedic, urologist, psychiatrists, pathologists and neurologists are there as per the reports of the Times of India.

9. India never invaded any country

          In the history of this country, Indian never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of the history. India is also widely known as the most peaceful country in the world.

10. Largest post network

          To reach each and every village, India Post opened post offices in most of the towns / cities of the country. As per the current network, India Post have the largest numbers of Post Offices in the world.

Contributions of Abu al-Haytham

Why is Abu al-Haytham considered to be a titan among mathematicians even today?

          Abu al-Haythamm, a famous mathematician, astronomer and philosopher, made significant contributions to the principles of optics, astronomy, mathematics and meteorology. He seems to have written around 92 works of which, remarkably, over 55 have survived.

          The main topics on which he wrote were optics, including a theory of light and a theory of vision, astronomy, and mathematics, including geometry and numbers. His most important work is Kitab al-Manazir which contains the correct model of vision, and has a complete formulation of the laws of reflection as well as a detailed investigation of refraction.

           The book combines experiments with mathematical reasoning. In the field of mathematics, Abu al-Haytham worked on Euclid's theorems. He replaced some indirect proofs with direct proofs.

Contributions of Al-Khwarizmi

Al-Khwarizmi

     Early in the 9th century, there lived an outstanding Persian mathematician called Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi. He oversaw the translation of the major Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomical books, and produced original work which had a lasting influence on the advance on Persian, and later, European mathematics.

     The word "algorithm" is derived from the Latinization of his name, and the word "algebra" is derived from the Latinization of "al-jabr", part of the title of his most famous book, in which he introduced the fundamental algebraic methods and techniques for solving equations. His most important contribution to mathematics was his strong advocacy of the Indian numerical system. The Indian numerals 1 - 9 and 0 - which have since become known as Indo-Arabic numerals - were soon adopted by the entire Islamic world.

       Later, when Al- Khwarizmi's works were translated into Latin, they would be adopted throughout Europe as well.

Early Mathematicians

Hello everyone.. Its been a long back i have updated my blog.. Almost i have forgot that am maintaining a blog too.. But i will try to update regularly from now on..

I have come up with a new topic which discusses about the history of great mathematicians.. I will keep posted about this for few weeks..

1. Thales
            
             Thales was an ancient philosopher who lived between 624 and 526 BC, in Miletus, a city in Ancient Greece that now forms a part of Turkey. Thales is regarded as the first true mathematician, because of the many important contributions he made to the field of mathematics, especially geometry.
             Thales used geometry to calculate the distance of a ship from the shore. He also figured out a way to measure the height of one of the Egyptian pyramids. He waited until the time of day when his own shadow was the same height that he was, and then, he measured the shadow of the pyramid, at the same time, to get its height.
              Thales was able to prove several interesting mathematical ideas. He proved that a circle is bisected-or cut into halves- by its diameter, and that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal.
              Thales has proved that if two straight lines cut one another, the opposite angles are equal and that if two triangles have two angles and a side in common, the triangles are identical.

What to Know about Getting Glasses

Most people do not have perfect vision, even if they may think that they do. You could need glasses and not even know it, if you don’t know what to look for. You should know how to tell if you need prescription glasses in Fraser, MI, so you don’t have to suffer the consequences of strained eyes. If you do get glasses, you should know how to take care of them so they will last as long as possible. This will save you from constantly needing to buy new glasses.

Signs That You Need Glasses

If your vision is blurry at all, chances are that you need glasses. Try putting a hand over each eye individually and viewing the world with one eye to see if it is blurry in any way. This may help you find a problem that you have otherwise been ignoring. You may also need glasses if you find that your eyes are tired on a regular basis. The strain of trying to see what they cannot can cause your eyes to get tired and droop. You may find that your eyes are tired when your brain is awake. The strain on your eyes may also cause you to get headaches regularly. They may start behind your eyes, as that is where the pain is centered. However, they do not always start there. 

If you recognize any of these signs in your own life, you should visit an optometrist and get an eye exam done. You should get an eye exam yearly, even if you do not have these symptoms. The doctor will give you a test to determine how good your vision is and if you need glasses. If you do, they will help you get the glasses you need. 

Caring for Glasses

Your prescription glasses in Fraser, MI, should come in a protective container. The best containers are hard ones, which keep the glasses totally safe. Whenever you are not wearing your glasses, keep them in this container so they will not be damaged. Always know where your glasses are. You may even want to have a specific spot in your home where the glasses go. The glasses should also come with a cleaning rag — only clean the glasses with this rag. The rag is specially made for glasses so it is soft enough and will not scratch the valuable lens. If you lose the rag, go buy a new one from an optometrist.

Latest discovery

Astronomers' team in US discovers most distant galaxy ever

• 

(The team included Indian-origin…)

WASHINGTON: A team of astronomers, including an Indian-origin scientist, has discovered the most distant galaxy in the universe ever found which is said to be 13 billion light years away from the Earth.

"Because of its extremely large distance of 13 billion light years, we are seeing this galaxy as it was 13 billion years ago. In other words, we are exploring the universe when it was only 700 million years old -- the current age of the universe is about 13.7 billion years," Dr Vithal Tilvi, who is currently at the Texas A&M University and a co-author of the research paper, said.

"This finding is a great deal in astronomy not only because it is the most distant galaxy ever found but also because it gives us clues about the young universe," Tilvi told PTI.

Born in Goa and having attended Goa University, Tilvi has also worked at the National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, and National Antarctic Research Center, Vasco.

The results of the latest findings have been published in the most prestigious international journal 'the Nature'.

This work was led by Dr Steve Finkelstein at University of Texas with many other astronomers including DrCasey Papovich in the US.

"While we are thrilled about this discovery, we were more surprised to find only a single galaxy at such large distances because we were expecting to find more. This is telling us something that the Universe was fundamentally different when it was young," Tilvi said.

"Another surprise came to us when we discovered that this galaxy is forming stars tremendously, roughly about 300 Sun-like stars every year, compared to only about one Sun-like star produced in our own Milky Way galaxy. It is possible that when the Universe was young, galaxies were more active then they are now," he said.

"We are very fortunate to be born now, because after a few billion years the size of the universe will be so large that the light from such galaxies would never reach us and thus we won't see these galaxies," he pointed out.

"It is really exciting time to be in astronomy as new large telescopes like Giant Magellan Telescope and theThirty Meter Telescope are being built now. India is also a partner in the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope. When completed, this will be the largest telescope in the world," Tilvi added

Health Benefits of Dates

Dates nutrition facts

What nutrients are there in dates? A lot indeed! Here are sweet, delicious fruits from the tropical oasis, brimming with much-needed minerals and energy to help you stay fit and healthy. 

Botanically; they are the fruits grow on the palm tree belonging to the family of Arecaceae in the genus:Phoenix and scientifically named as Phoenix dactylifera. The tree is believed to originate in the lands on the banks of Nile and Euphrates Rivers of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Date palm is now grown extensively for its edible fruits under warmer climates across all the continents.

Delicious dates. (Photo by-Itinerant)	Date-Palm. (Photo by-kawanet)

The date fruit is a "drupe" in which outer fleshy part (exocarp and mesocarp) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. The fruit is oval to cylindrical in shape, 3–7 cms long, and 2–3 cms diameter, and when ripe, range from bright red to depending on the variety.

There are many varieties of date palm cultivated. ‘Amir Hajj’, ‘Saidy’, 'Khadrawy' and 'Medjool' is some of the important varieties that are popular for their superior quality.

Health benefits of dates

• Wonderfully delicious, dates are one of the most popular fruits packed with an impressive list of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that are required for normal growth, development and overall well-being.
• Fresh dates compose of soft, easily digestible flesh and simple sugars like fructose and dextrose. When eaten, they replenish energy and revitalize the body instantly. For these qualities, they are being used to break the fast during Ramadan month since ancient times.
• The fruit is rich in dietary fiber, which prevents LDL cholesterol absorption in the gut. Additionally, the fiber works as a bulk laxative. It, thus, helps to protect the colon mucous membrane by decreasing exposure time and as well as binding to cancer-causing chemicals in the colon.
• They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants known as tannins. Tannins are known to possess anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hemorrhagic (prevent easy bleeding tendencies) properties.
• They are moderate sources of vitamin-A (contains 149 IU per 100 g), which is known to have antioxidant properties and essential for vision. Additionally, it is also required maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in vitamin A is known to help to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
• They compose antioxidant flavonoids such as ß-carotene, lutein, and zea-xanthin. These antioxidants found to have the ability to protect cells and other structures in the body from harmful effects of oxygen-free radicals. Thus, eating dates found to offer some protection from colon, prostate, breast, endometrial, lung, and pancreatic cancers. 
• Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively absorbed into the retinal macula lutea, where it thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.
• Dates are an excellent source of iron, contains 0.90 mg/100 g of fruits (about 11% of RDI). Iron, being a component of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
• Further, they are very good in potassium. 100 g contains 696 mg or 16% of daily-recommended levels of this electrolyte. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that help controlling heart rate and blood pressure. They, thus, offers protection against stroke and coronary heart diseases.
• They are also rich in minerals like calcium, manganese, copper, and magnesium. Calcium is an important mineral that is an essential constituent of bone and teeth, and required by the body for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse conduction. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Copper is required for the production of red blood cells. Magnesium is essential for bone growth.
• Further, the fruit has adequate levels of B-complex group of vitamins as well as vitamin K. It contains very good amounts of pyridoxine (vitamin B-6), niacin, pantothenic acid, and riboflavin. These vitamins are acting as cofactors help body metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Vitamin K is essential for many coagulant factors in the blood as well as in bone metabolism.

The Risk of Running Windows XP After Support Ends April 2014 - Microsoft Security Blog - Site Home - TechNet Blogs

The Risk of Running Windows XP After Support Ends April 2014 - Microsoft Security Blog - Site Home - TechNet Blogs

Historical Events on 15th October

533 - Byzantine general Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Vandals.

1520 - King Henry VIII of England orders bowling lanes at Whitehall
1522 - Emperor Karel I names Hernan Cortes governor of Mexico
1552 - Khanate of Kazan is conquered by troops of Ivan Grozny.
1581 - Commissioned by Catherine De Medici, the 1st ballet "Ballet Comique de la Reine," is staged in Paris
1582 - Many Catholic countries switch to Gregorian calendar, skip 10 days
1598 - Spanish general strategist Bernardino de Mendoza occupies fort Rhine
1641 - Paul de Chomedy de Maisonneuve claims Montreal
1654 - Prince Willem III appointed viceroy of Overijssel
1655 - Jews of Lublin are massacred
1660 - Asser Levy granted butchers license (kosher meat) in New Amsterdam
1705 - English fleet under Lord Peterborough occupies Barcelona
1724 - Cornelis Steenoven is 1st archbishop of Old-Catholic church
1756 - Saxon army surrenders to Prussia
1764 - Edward Gibbon observes a group of friars singing in the ruined Temple of Jupiter in Rome, which inspires him to begin work on The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1777 - Mjr James Graves Simcoe appointed commandant of Queen's Rangers (Penn)
1783 - Jean Pilstre de Rozier makes captive-balloon ascent
1786 - Earliest 32°F (0°C) recorded temp in NYC
1789 - 1st presidental tour-George Washington in New England
French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte exiled on Island of St Helena at 51
1827 - Charles Darwin reaches Christ's Counsel, Cambridge
1842 - Karl Marx becomes editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung
1846 - Dr William Thomas Green Morton 1st public use of ether
1860 - 11-year-old Grace Bedell writes to Lincoln, tells him to grow a beard
1863 - Cliff House opens in SF (1st of many on site)
1864 - Confederate troops occupy Glasgow, Missouri
1866 - Great fire in Quebec destroys 2,500 houses
1874 - Child labor law takes 12 year olds out of work force
1877 - 45th Congress (1877-79) convenes
1878 - Edison Electric Light Company incorporated
1880 - Koln cathedral completed, 633 years after it begun
1880 - Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists.
1881 - 1st American fishing magazine, American Angler published
1883 - Supreme Court declares Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
Communist Philosopher Karl Marx1885 - Hoss Radbourne pitches his 60th win of season
1889 - Amsterdam Central Station officially opens
1890 - Alabama Penny Savings Bank organizes in Birmingham
1894 - Capt Alfred Dreyfus arrested accused of espionage in France
1897 - Aaron/Samuel Bloch carry 1st Mail Pouch
1897 - King Leopold II takes Belgian crown
1899 - Cincinnati closes season with 16-1 & 19-3 victories over Cleve Spiders
1905 - Claude Debussy's "La Mer," premieres
1905 - Union workers at NVV rejects safety demands
1912 - Red Sox Tris Speaker's makes only world series unassisted double play, from the outfield
1913 - Train crash in Liverpool during "Black Week"
1914 - ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers) founded
1914 - Battle of Warsaw, begins (ends Oct 21)
1914 - Clayton Anti-trust Act passed (union & strike rights)
1917 - Chicago White Sox beat NY Giants, 4 games to 2 in 14th World Series
Exotic dancer, courtesan and convicted German spy Mata Hari1917 - World War I: At Vincennes outside of Paris, Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for Germany.
1918 - British Q-ship Cymric sinks British submarine J6
1919 - 14 horses begin 300-mile race from Vt to Mass for $1000 prize money
1923 - NY Yankees 1st World Series win beating NY Giants, 4 games to 2
1924 - Pres Calvin Coolidge declares Statue of Liberty a national monument
1925 - Pittsburgh Pirates beat Wash Senators, 4 games to 3 in 22nd World Series
1925 - Willem Landre's opera "Beatrice" premiers in The Hague
1926 - Austria government of Seipel, forms
1926 - Philip Barry's "White Wings!," premieres in NYC
1928 - German dirigible "Graf Zeppelin" lands in Lakehurst, NJ
1928 - Walter Johnson signs a 3-year contract to manage the Senators
1932 - Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight.
1933 - Philadelphia Eagles play 1st NFL game, lose to NY Giants 56-0
1935 - NHL's St Louis Eagles fold
1937 - Ernest Hemingway novel "To Have & Have Not" published
Nobel Laureate Author Ernest Hemingway1937 - Rather than accept any trade offers, the Yanks release Tony Lazzeri
1938 - Robert Sherwoods "Abe Lincoln in Illinois," premieres in NYC
1939 - LaGuardia Airport opens in NYC
1939 - Yeshiva of Mir closes after 124 years
1940 - -16] Heavy German air raid on London, 400 killed
1940 - London's Waterloo Station bombed by Germans
1940 - "The Great Dictator", a satiric social commentary film by and starring Charlie Chaplin, is released.
1941 - 1st mass deportation of German Jews to Eastern Europe
1941 - Japan Tojo regime forms
1941 - Jews caught outside Polish Ghetto walls could be put to death
1942 - German 6th Army occupies Tractorenfabriek, 3,000 German's die
1944 - The Arrow Cross Party (very similar to Hitler's NSDAP (Nazi party)) takes over the power in Hungary.
1945 - Baseball Attendance hits record 10.28 million (Tigers 1.28 is highest)
1946 - Smallest World Series share since 1918 (Cards $3,748, Red Sox $2,140)
1946 - St Louis Cards beat Boston Red Sox, 4 games to 3 in 43rd World Series
Dictator of Nazi GermanyAdolf Hitler1946 - Enos Slaughter scores from 1st on a single in World Series
1948 - China's Red army occupies Chinchov
1949 - Administration of territory of Manipur taken over by Indian government
1949 - Billy Graham begins his ministry
1949 - Tripura accedes to Indian union
1951 - "I Love Lucy" debuts on CBS TV
1951 - Egyptian parliament accept denounces Suez Canal Treaty
1951 - Mexican chemist Luis E. Miramontes synthesized the first oral contraceptive
1952 - Arthur Laurent's "Time of the Cuckoo," premieres in NYC
1953 - John Patrick's "Teahouse of the Red Moon," premieres in NYC
1953 - KOIN TV channel 6 in Portland, OR (CBS) begins broadcasting
1953 - WJNL (now WFAT) TV channel 19 in Johnstown, PA (IND) begins
1954 - Hurricane Hazel strikes US & Canada, 348 die
1954 - KLTV TV channel 7 in Tyler-Longview, TX (ABC) begins broadcasting
1956 - Pyotr Bolotnikov runs world record 10k (28:42.8)
1956 - William J Brennan Jr appointed to Supreme Court
1956 - Yankees Enos Slaughter scores from 1st on a single in World Series
1957 - Giants trade Minneapolis franchise to Red Sox for SF Seals-franchises only, not the players
1958 - Tunisia drops diplomatic relations with Egypt
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1959 - "Untouchables" premieres
1959 - KNDO TV channel 23 in Yakima, WA (NBC) begins broadcasting
1960 - "Laughs & Other Events" closes at Barrymore Theater NYC after 8 perfs
1962 - Byron R White appointed to Supreme Court
1962 - WLOX TV channel 13 in Biloxi-Gulfport, MS (ABC) begins broadcasting
1963 - Ludwig Erhard follows Conrad Adenauer as West German Chancellor
1964 - Craig Breedlove sets auto speed record of 846.97 kph
Clergyman and Civil Rights Activist Martin Luther King Jr.1964 - Dr Martin Luther King Jr awarded Nobel Peace Prize
1964 - St Louis Cardinals beat NY Yankees, 4 games to 3 in 61st World Series
1964 - NY Yankees appears in 14 & win 9 of last 16 World Series
1965 - Dodgers & Sandy Koufax win 7th game of 62nd World Series vs Twins
1965 - WEMT (now WVII) TV channel 7 in Bangor, ME (ABC) begins broadcasting
1966 - Australia bans Troggs' "I Can't Control Myself," as "terribly obscene"
1966 - LBJ signs a bill creating Dept of Transportation (DOT)
1966 - Black Panther Party was created by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
1968 - AL expansion draft, KC pick Roger Nelson & Pilots pick Don Mincher 1st
1969 - Bank of America World Headquarters (555 California) dedicated
1969 - Madison Square Garden TV Network begins (Rangers vs North Stars)
1969 - NY Met Ron Swoboda's spectacular diving catch of sinking liner with runners at 1st & 3rd in 9th, Mets win in 10th in World Series game
1969 - Oriole Earl Weaver becomes 1st manager ejected in a World Series
1969 - Vietnam Moratorium Day; millions nationwide protest the war
1970 - Anwar Sadat elected president of Egypt
36th US President Lyndon B. Johnson1970 - Baltimore Orioles beat Cin Reds, 4 games to 1 in 67th World Series
1970 - Bridge over Yarra River in Melbourne crashes; killing 35
1970 - Russian passenger flight hijacked to Turkey
1971 - The start of the 2500-year celebration of Iran, celebrating the birth of Persia.
1972 - 61st Davis Cup: USA beats Romania in Bucharest (3-2)
1972 - Omni in Atlanta opens - Hawks beat NY Knicks 109-101
1973 - 7th Country Music Association Award: Roy Clark wins
1973 - Tanks attack Thailand demonstrating students, 300 killed
1974 - National Guard mobilizes to restore order in Boston school busing
1974 - Nobel prize for chemistry awarded to Paul J Flory (macro molecules)
1974 - Washington Capitals 1st NHL tie, playing LA Kings to 1-1 tie
1975 - Iceland moves intl boundary from 50 to 200 miles
1976 - 1st debate of major-ticket VP nominees Mondale (D) vs Dole (R)
1976 - Ringo Starr releases "A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll"
1977 - Arkansas' Steve Little kicks a record tying 67 yard field goal
Beatles Drummer Ringo Starr1977 - Debbie Boone's "You Light Up My Life," goes #1 & stays #1 for 10 weeks
1977 - Don Ritchie runs world record 100 mile (11:30:51)
1978 - Silvia Bertolaccini wins LPGA Civitan Golf Open
1978 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1979 - 1st Monday night game from NYC, Jets beat Vikings 14-7 (Shea Stad)
1979 - Chinese premier Hwa Kwofeng visits Paris
1979 - Military coup in El Salvador: president/general Carlos Romero flees
1979 - NY Knicks retire 2nd number, # 10, Walt Frazier
1980 - George Brett is forced out of World Series with hemorrhoids
1980 - Nobel prize for economy awarded to Lawrence R Klein
1981 - NY Yankees capture 33rd AL pennant, sweeping 3 games from Oakland A's
1981 - Professional cheerleader Krazy George Henderson leads what is thought to be the first audience wave in Oakland, California.
1983 - Black Hawks & Maple Leafs combine for fastest 5 goals (84 seconds)
1983 - Columbia beats Yale 21-18 in football, will lose next 44 games
1983 - US Marine sharpshooters kill 5 snipers at Beirut Intl Airport
1984 - Central Intelligence Agency Information Act passes
1984 - Centrum party expels 2nd Member of parliament Janmaat due to fraud
1985 - Nobel prize for economics awarded to Franco Modigliani
1985 - Shuttle Columbia carries Spacelab into orbit
1985 - Shelley Taylor of Australia makes fastest swim ever around Manhattan Island, doing it in 6 hours 12 minutes 29 seconds
1986 - Longest post season game, Mets beat Astros 7-6 in 16 & win NL pennant
1987 - "Late Nite Comic" opens at Ritz Theater NYC for 4 performances
1987 - 6th Belgium government of Martens falls
1987 - Coup in Burkina Faso, president Sankara dies
1987 - Lanford Wilson's "Burn This," premieres in NYC
1987 - NFL Players Association orders an end to 24 day strike
1987 - The Great Storm of 1987 hits France and England.
1988 - Amnesty International's Global Concert Tour ends in Buenos Aires
1988 - NCAA record rushing yardage (768 yards-Oklahoma)
1988 - With 2 outs in bottom of 9th, an injured Kirk Gibson hits dramatic 2 run HR to gives Dodgers a 5-4 win in 1st game of World Series
1989 - Billy Graham is given 1,900th star on Hollywood Blvd
1989 - South Africa president FW de Klerk frees Sisulu & 4 other political prisoners
1989 - South african ANC-founder/leader Walter Sisulu freed
NHL all-time top scorerWayne Gretzky1989 - Wayne Gretzky passes Gordie Howes as NHL's all time top scorer
1990 - Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev wins Nobel Peace Prize
1991 - Clarence Thomas is confirmed as Supreme Court Justice (52-48)
1992 - Charles Taylor launches an offensive against Monrovia Liberia
1992 - Howard Stern radio show begins broadcasting on WLUP-AM, Chicago
1992 - NYC Subway motorman Robert Ray convicted of manslaughter in death of 5 riders, when he fell asleep drunk while in control of train
1993 - Amstel brewery on Curacao produces 1,000,000,000th bottle
1993 - Guardian Angel Lisa Evers Sliwa files for divorce from Curtis Sliwa
1993 - Nelson Mandela & South Africa president F W de Klerk awarded Nobel Peace Prize
1994 - Botswana Pres Ketumile Masires BDP wins parliamentary election
1994 - Pres Jean-Baptiste Aristide returns to Haiti
1995 - Annika Sorenstam wins LPGA World Championship of Women's Golf
1995 - Carolina Panthers win 1st game ever beating NY Jets 26-15
1997 - Britain's Andy Green sets jet-powered car record (763.035 mph)
1997 - Cleve Indians beat Balt Orioles 4 games to 2 in ALCS
Anti-apartheid activist/South African President Nelson Mandela1997 - Former rep Dan Rostenkowski released from custody for mail fraud
1997 - NY jury awards boxer Mitch Green $45,000 in civil lawsuit against Mike Tyson, for street brawl in 1988
1997 - US launches nuclear powered Cassini to Saturn
2001 - NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles of Jupiter's moon Io.
2003 - China launches Shenzhou 5, its first manned space mission.
2003 - The Staten Island Ferry boat Andrew J. Barberi collides with a pier at the St. George Ferry Terminal in Staten Island, killing 11 people and injuring 43.
2005 - Iraqi constitution ratification vote
2005 - Riot in Toledo, Ohio breaks out during a National Socialist/Neo-Nazi protest; over 100 are arrested.
2007 - 17 Activists in Aotearoa New Zealand arrested in the country's first post 9/11 anti-terrorism raids across the country.
2011 - Global protests break out in 951 cities in 82 countries.
2011 - Legoland Florida (the world's largest Legoland theme park) opens in Winter Haven, Florida.
2012 - Hilary Mantel wins the 2012 Man Booker Prize for her novel Bring Up the Bodies

WHEN DO MOST HEART ATTACKS OCCUR -- AND WHY?

From the outside, a heart attackcan seem very sudden. But from the inside -- like inside an artery -- it's actually pretty predictable.

Clogged arteries, also calledcoronary artery disease (CAD), are the primary cause of heart attacks [source: NHLBI]. Arteries get clogged by something called plaque, a fatty substance that builds up on artery walls. Plaque often builds up when there's too much fat and cholesterol in the diet -- and too much cholesterol in the blood. Essentially, stuff starts sticking to the artery walls of the heart as blood passes through, and eventually a blood clot can form. If it's big enough, that clot can block the artery entirely.

In a heart attack, oxygen supply (via blood flow) to the heart has been cut off, resulting in damage to or death of heart muscle. The heart stops pumping if the blood flow isn't immediately restored. When it stops pumping, that's a heart attack. In the United States, about 1.1 million people suffer heart attacks every year, and about half of those heart attacks result in death [source: NHLBI].

Heart attacks seldom happen without some kind of warning. They can often be explained by medical history, including high cholesterol or high blood pressure, or by a family history of heart disease. But can they also be explained by external circumstances, like time of year or time of day? Are there certain occasions that pose greater risk for people with heart disease?

S­urprisingly, the answer is yes. For people who have risk factors for a heart attack, like high blood pressure, high cholesterol and coronary artery disease, not only why but also when a heart attack might happen is more obvious than you might think. At certain times of the year, heart-attack rates increase, and the primary culprit in the trend is hard to avoid.

In this article, we'll find out when most heart attacks occur and why they're more likely during those times. With some planning, it may even be possible to decrease the risk of having a heart attack during the high season for coronaries.

Once you know the culprit for the spike in heart attacks, you'll be able to guess which months make up that high season. Here's a hint: It's T minus 1 and counting and you've still got 13 people on your gift list.

Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid-Why Muslims Celebrate?

Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid-Why Muslims Celebrate?

Eid-al-Adha is one of the important festivals of the Muslims. It means, the 'Festival of Sacrifice', remembering Ibrahim's spirit of sacrifice, conforming to the command of Allah. It is celebrated on the 10th day of the 12th month, Dhu a-Hijjah. It occurs after the Hajj pilgrimage, which, is the fifth pillar of Islam, undertaken by the Muslims. History To take a peep into history, will reveal the truth as to why Muslims celebrate Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid. The history of Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid dates back to the times of Ibrahim. Ibrahim was commanded by God, through recurring dreams, to sacrifice his only son, begotten after rigorous worship. Ismail, son of Ibrahim was just, 13 years old when, Ibrahim revealed to him about God's command. To his surprise, the boy readily agreed to be sacrificed. Just when, Ibrahim was about to sacrifice the boy, Allah voiced that he need not have to carry out His order, as he had passed the test of devotion. He was further instructed to sacrifice a lamb instead of his only son. Ibrahim, by the Grace of Allah was blessed with another son, Is-haaq (Isaac) The history of Hajj pilgrimage revolves around the surrender of Ibrahim and his family to Allah. Animal sacrifice Animal sacrifice is one of the significant aspects in the celebration of Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid. Why do Muslims undertake it while they celebrate the festival ? Muslims undertake animal sacrifice, to commemorate the event of Ibrahim's attempt to sacrifice his son, in order to conform to Allah's command, and Allah's mercy in substituting a ram for the child. A goat, a sheep or a cow is sacrificed according to the laid down rules. One third of the meat is retained for family, another third is distributed among friends and relatives and the remaining one third is given in charity for the poor and the needy. Celebrating Ed-al-Adha/Bakrid People celebrate Ed-al-Adha/Bakrid wearing new clothes. They offer Eid prayer, (Salat al-Eid) in a congregation in an open area called Eidgah or a mosque. People engage in animal sacrifice, performed duly in tune with the religious laws. Muslims also engage in charitable acts and see to it that no one is unable to partake of an Eid feast, owing to impoverishment. During the festival of Eid-al-Adha, chanting of Takbir loudly before the Eid prayer on the first day and after the Eid prayer on the second and the third day, distributing meat etc form some of the important aspects of the festival. So let us get an insight into as to why Muslims celebrate Eid-al-Adha/Bakrid, while the country celebrates it.